This key to maximizing fertility rates in the breeding herd requires a solid understanding of ai basics, timing of insemination, use of lubricants, boar usage, overbreeding and nine key semenhandling principles. Artificial insemination in pigs 81 spermatogenesis amann, 2009. Artificial insemination has been around for years in fact the earliest report of ai dates back to 22 a. The pig production system was studied, and performance of nondescript and. A typical boar produces from 1100 to 1200 doses of semen per year 22 doseswk x 52 wks and therefore, semen quality of a single sire influences a large number of matings and services per year.
Artificial insemination in pigs today university of. However, use of ai in the united states has skyrocketed in the past decade. The process involves taking semen collected from a bull and depositing it in a cow. Estienne, swine research physiologist, department of animal and poultry sciences, tidewater agricultural research and extension center. Variation in fertility is caused not only by farm or sowrelated. Development of artificial insemination technique in pig. Because the total number of pups per swine in a year is related to efficiency management in each pig farm, the methods to know which insemination timing is good and to improve the quality of frozenthawed sperm have to be developed in artificial insemination techniques. The latter offer a diversity of breeds and genetic lines and distribute readytouse semen. Knife or scissors to cut off the tip of the semen bottle. Technique in cattle the rectovaginal technique is the most commonly used method to artificially inseminate cattle. Proper ai techniques, semen handling national hog farmer.
Foote2 department of animal science, cornell university, ithaca, ny 148534801 abstract. The standing reflex is necessary during insemination. Pdf new artificial insemination technologies for swine. Another century passed before an italian priest, spallanzani 1784. The cervix is located on the floor of the pelvic cavity near the anterior end of the pelvic bone. Artificial insemination in pigs dostpcaarrd portal.
Best practices for artificial insemination of swine in the. Additional proficiency and confidence will be achieved with fur. Artificial insemination reproduction in farm animals. Efficient artificial insemination ai is essential for future challenges in the pig industry. Ordering and caring for semen dennis worwood, usu extension educator, emery county sows and gilts are usually bred twice, with 12 to 24 hours hours between inseminations. Artificial insemination steps sows should initially be inseminated 12 or 24 hours after standing in estrus, and then inseminated every 1224 hours after for as long as they stand in estrus. Artificial insemination ai is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a females cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. With al, the cost of using superior sires can be spread over more sows. The procedure is widely used in animal breeding and is used in humans when a male is sterile or impotent or when a couple suffers from unexplained infertility when. Advantages to using artificial insemination in swine. The study investigated the success rate, genetic improvement, and monetary benefit of artificial insemination ai technology in smallholder backyard pig production system. The data above clearly indicate the importance of an accurate determination of the concentrat ion of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Available now from ai is now used extensively in many countries where it is either purchased from a commercial centre or produced on the farm.
The use of the endoscope represented a great progress in the procedure of the artificial insemination in swine. The chapters of the first and second part cover various biological aspects of boar spermatozoa within the male, and within the female environments, respectively. Technique in cattle the opening into the cervix protrudes back into the vagina. Sep 06, 2017 artificial insemination, or ai, is a fertilization procedure in which sperm is artificially placed into a womans cervix intracervical insemination or uterus intrauterine insemination. Artificial insemination ai is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating. I n w es te rn eu ro pe, m or e t ha n 9 0% of th e s ow s h ave be en br ed by ai fo r. To this end, fresh extended readytouse semen doses are. Summary artificial insemination ai is the most important single technique devised for the genetic improvement of animals. How to survive alone in the wilderness for 1 week eastern woodlands duration.
N2 use of artificial insemination ai for breeding pigs has been instrumental for facilitating global improvements in fertility, genetics, labor, and herd health. For this reason, boar studs will not ship less than two. Artificial insemination in pigs today sciencedirect. Artificial insemination an overview sciencedirect topics. This content is taken from our book, managing pig health, the industry leading pig publication. Artificial insemination ai of swine is wide ly practiced in countries with intensive pig pr od uc ti on. History of artificial insemination artificial insemination ai was first mentioned around 1400 in undocumented tales about an arabic chief inseminating his own mares with the semen of a stallion belonging to rival groups. Nowadays, more than 85% of swine insemination in developed countries is performed using assisted reproduction techniques 1, 2. State of the art in artificial insemination in the. Semen is obtained from boars on farms or from specialised aicentres.
Advantages of ai semen from a range of topperforming tested boars of several breeds is available from ai centres. To stimulate uterine contractions, allow nose to nose contact with a boar in an adjacent pen or spray soa on the sows snout. Sixth international conference on pig reproduction, university of missouri columbia. Most producers inseminate gilts when they are found in standing heat, and every 12 hours thereafter for as long as they stand. Rub the animal s flanks and put some weight on her back before and during insemination. Current status and perspectives of artificial insemination in pigs 3 introduction about 40% of the red meat consumed worldwide is provided by pigs despite decreasing trends in production growth from 1. Artificial insemination is the breeding of a female with semen that has been collected and inseminated into the uterus or vagina using instruments or equipment rather than by natural service breeding. Ordering and caring for semen by dennis worwood usu extension educator, emery county two doses of semen are needed to breed a sow or gilt. It helps promote uterine contractions essential to the transport of semen through the uterus and into the oviduct for insemination.
Artificial insemination is not merely a novel method of bringing about impregnation in females. Artificial insemination ai has been used successfully in guinea pigs. Keep the semen in the storage container until you are ready to use it. Artificial insemination in pigs a very cheap and practical way to carry out genetic improvement is through the use of artificial insemination ai. A dose is about 2 cup, and contains three to six billion sperm cells. Artificial insemination in pigs, research and developments. For these reasons superior semen is available at a cost below. Mark estienne, swine research physiologist, tidewater arec during the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in the use of artificial insemination ai by commercial swine producers in the united states. Levis, extension swine specialist artificial insemination al of swine is a relatively simple process almost any swine producer can accom plish with a minimum of training and equipment. Oct 10, 2012 artificial insemination advances in pig breeding new sow catheters allow for deeper insemination and an immediate injection of semen using low concentrations of spermatozoa. Due to deposition of the semen at proximities of the fecundation place, the iupai technique makes possible the use of the processed and weakened spermatozoids proceeding from cooling, freezing or sexing vazquez et al. Swine semen is usually used fresh, although frozen semen. Twenty impact on pig improvement in the past 35 years and large white yorkshire lwy sows at second parity more recently in the usa 2.
Artificial insemination ai is the preferred method for reproduction in the majority of the intensive pig production systems worldwide. Artificial insemination in pigstechnology to boost pork production. Ai is now used extensively in many countries where it is either purchased from a commercial centre or produced on the farm. Advantages to using artificial insemination in swine breeding.
During artificial insemination treatment, the womans menstrual cycle is closely monitored using ovarian kits, ultrasounds, and blood tests. Morrell swedish university of agricultural sciences, uppsala, sweden 1. In the pig industry there are multiple versions of artificial insemination intrauterine insemination catheters, iui, generally consisting of relatively small diameter. October 2007 ag swine 200703pr swine artificial insemination for beginners. The first and overriding principle of artificial insemination ai in swine is if a sow is in standing heat, she can be bred. There are reports as early as the 1930s of collecting semen for insemination. In practice, fresh diluted semen for intracervical insemination is mostly used in pigs. Use of artificial insemination ai is common in the pig industry. In artificial insemination the germplasm of the bulls of superior quality can be effectively utilized with the least regard for their location in far away places. About 97% of the insemination doses are purchased from ai companies of which 90% through the cooperative pig ai centres varkens ki nederland and varkens ki twenthe. Knox swine reproductive extension specialist department of animal sciences university of illinois introduction the use of artificial insemination ai in swine is based on liquid extended semen. Artificial insemination in pigs at tap egerton university duration. It is a fertility treatment for humans, and is common practice in animal breeding, including dairy cattle see frozen bovine semen and pigs.
Evaluate the clinical signs and shedding pattern of sva in the semen of experimentallyinfected boars. It gives producers access to new genetics while reducing the need to bring in boars with the inherent risk of introducing disease. Artificial insemination in swine how do you know when a pig. Swine genetics international, ai manual online ai manual table of contents introduction why use artificial insemination u. Artificial insemination is used in many nonhuman animals, including sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, pedigree animals generally, zoo animals, turkeys and creatures as tiny as honeybees and as massive as orcas killer whales. Artificial insemination ai of swine is widely practiced in countries with intensive pig production. Livestock cattle artificial inseminationanimal husbandry. A new device for deep cervical artificial insemination in. Artificial insemination requires a higher level of management than natural service mating systems. The latter offer a diversity of breeds and genetic lines and distribute readytouse semen doses of constant quality to different sow herds. This key to maximizing fertility rates in the breeding herd requires a solid understanding of ai basics, timing of insemination, use of lubricants, boar usage, overbreeding and nine key semenhandling. Evaluate the transmission of sva by artificial insemination and the impact on early stage of gestation. The most common laboratory and artificial insemination techniques are discussed in the third part.
It is one of a group of technologies commonly known as assisted reproduction technologies art, whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of gametes spermatozoa and oocytes. Tech niques and equipment necessary for al in swine are readily available. It is important to remember that ai is a tool that will work for your operation only if you are willing to manage and use it properly. Artificial insemination ai in swine, while not a new technique, is a tool that works only if managed and used properly. The strength of ai is generally dependent on the genetic superiority of the boar and the possibility of spreading its qualities to more females to produce offsprings of better genetic quality. In artificial insemination, a doctor inserts sperm directly into a womans cervix, fallopian tubes, or uterus. Improper distribution of the semen into one horn because the insemination gun is pushed too far forward.
Synchronization of ovulation and timed artificial inseminations in sow in an early weaning systems. Transmission of senecavirus a by artificial insemination and. Apr 22, 2015 episode 4 pig insemination artificial insemination on pastured hogs duration. Artificial insemination technique penn state extension. The pituitary is at the tip of the needle and the hypothalamus is on the upper right. Without the standing reflex, contractions do not occur and semen can backflow out of the females reproductive tract for some time after insemination is complete. Introduction daily care and management of sires in an artificial insemination ai center can have a large influence on semen quality and sperm output. Artificial insemination ai is a technique for breeding swine that allows you to use fresh or frozen semen from select boars a great distance away to impregnate sows and gilts.
The most common method is called intrauterine insemination iui, when a doctor. Artificial insemination is currently the most widely used method for pig breeding, accounting for more than 90% of cases in western countries knox, 2016. Ai can help to greatly reduce the incidence of inbreeding, the breeding of closely related animals, which can re. Rub the animals flanks and put some weight on her back before and during insemination. Al service the economic value of superior sires breeding programs to facilitate al boar selection criteria health advancements through al boar health and management.
Leeuwenhoek 1678 was the first to report sperm cells. For this reason, boar studs will not ship less than two doses of semen. Currently, artificial insemination ai in pigs is used approximately in 90% of farms in different countries 3 and is considered one of the most successful animal reproductive techniques. The use of artificial materials and methods insemination ai in europe has also had a major artificial insemination versus natural mating.
The insemination process dennis worwood, usu extension educator, emery county the following equipment is needed to artificially inseminate a sow or gilt. Good distribution of the semen to both uterine horns. Artificial insemination in swine in an organized farm a. Artificial insemination, the introduction of semen into the vagina or cervix of a female by any method other than sexual intercourse. Introduction the chapter will deal with the use of artificial insemination ai in animals and humans, both currently and in the futu re, with particular emphasis on comparative aspects between species. Online ai manual back to the table of contents why use artificial insemination. As you insert the breeding gun into the vagina, keep your gloved hand even with the gun tip. Knowledge on the exact relation between semen quality characteristics and fertility can have a major impact on both the genetic merit of future animals and the efficiency of ai. The basic skills required to perform this technique can be obtained with about three days practice under professional instruction and supervision. In western europe, more than 90% of the sows have been bred by ai for more than two decades gerrits et al. With sgi semen, the cost is shared with hog producers throughout the world. In the united states, the proportion of sows bred via artificial insemination ai increased from less than 8 percent in 1991 to nearly 70 percent in 2000. Once collected, a boar ejaculate can be diluted in a semen extender, creating multiple insemination doses that can be used to breed several sows and gilts.